Pasif Active

Pasif Active

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, Kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

1. Active  : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
    Passive : The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months  
2. Active  : Ayumi eats takoyaki (Ayumi makan takoyaki)
    Passive : Takoyaki is eaten by Ayumi (Takoyaki dimakan Ayumi)
3. Active  : Takeshi meets Shizuka everyday
    Passive : Shizuka is met by Takeshi everyday

IF CLAUSE

If Clause Type I

if + Simple Present, will-Future
Type I indicates what will happen, provided that a certain situation is given.
Examples:

If you send your order by fax, we will deliver the goods immediately.
If you invite me for lunch, I will help you with your presentation. 

If anita have more time Anita will clean the toilet.

If Clause Type II

if + Simple Past, would + infinitive
Type II indicates what could happen if a present situation were different.
Examples:

If we had more employees, we would work more efficiently.
If we delivered poor quality, we would not be the leading company in our business. 

If they told their father, he would be very angry.

If Clause Type III

if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participle
Type III indicates what could have happened in the past if a situation had been different then.
Examples:

If you had read the paper, you would have seen the advertisement.
If I had taken the bus, I would have been late.

If they hadn’t went to home, they would have found the rain

Sumber:

 http://www.ego4u.com/en/business-english/grammar/conditional-sentences

 http://khydayme.blogspot.com/2011/04/conditional-sentences-if-clause.html

Contoh Kalimat TOEFL

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
what, when, where, why, how	whatever, whenever
whether (apakah), if (apakah)	that (bahwa / sering tidak diartikan)
Contoh: I know what you did I: Subjek V:Verb What: Noun Connector You: Subjek Did (mengerjakan): Verb Contoh diatas dapat kita ketahui bahwa Noun Clause (what you did) berfungsi sebagai objek kalimat.  Contoh:  What you did was wrong What: noun connector you: subjek did: verb was: verb Contoh diatas dapat kita ketahui bahwa Noun Clause (what you did) berfungsi sebagai subjek kalimat.

Noun clause merupakan sebuah bentuk clause (klausa) yang berfungsi sebagai sebuah noun (kata benda) yang berarti bisa menduduki kedudukan noun yaitu: sebagai subjek atau objek kata kerja atau objek dari preposition (kata depan).

1. I know when he will arrive. (noun clause sebagai objek dari verb)
2. I am concerned about when he will arrive. (noun clause sebagai objek dari preposition)
3. When he will arrive is not important. (noun clause sebagai subjek kalimat)

Pada contoh kalimat pertama, terdapat dua klausa, I know dan he will arrive. Ke dua klausa ini dihubungkan oleh connector (kata penghubung) when. When mengubah klausa he will arrive menjadi sebuah noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja know.

Pada Contoh ke dua, ke dua klausa I know dan he will arrive yang dihubungkan oleh connector (kata penghubung) when. When mengubah klausa he will arrive menjadi sebuah noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai objek dari preposition about.

Pada contoh ke tiga lebih sulit. Pada contoh kalimat ini, terdapat dua klausa, tapi agak susah untuk dikenali.  He will arrive merupakan subjek dari kalimat.Perhatikan:

When he will arrive is not important.

When he will arrive (subjek)
When: connector

he: subjek

will arrive: verb dari klausa he will arrive

is: verb dari kalimat

Contoh di bawah ini menggambarkan bagaimana pola kalimat ini dijadikan sebagai soal dalam test Structure TOEFL. 

Contoh

_______ was late cused many problems.

a) That he

b) The driver

c) There

d) Because

Dapat segera diketahui bahwa kalimat di atas mempunyai 2 verb (was dan caused) dan setiap verb butuh subjek. Sementara dari kalimat di atas tidak nampak satupun subjek. Jadi kita butuh 2 subjek. Jawaban d) Because jelas salah karena bukan subjek. c) dan b) hanya punya 1 subjek. Jadi pilihan jawaban paling tepat yaitu: a) That he. He merupakan subjek dari was. Sementara that menjadi connector yang mejadikan status he was late menajadi subjek dari verb caused. Perhatikan:

• He was late.
• It caused many problems.
• That he was late caused many problems. (kenyataan bahwa dia terlambat menyebabakan banayk masalah)

Contoh soal:

1. When the season starts is determined by the weather.
2. The manual how the device should be built.
3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game.
4. He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer
5. Talked about where we should go for lunch
6. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained.
7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting
8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due.
9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting
10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.

Ket:.

Yang diblok merupakan subjek.

Yang diblok dan digaris bawahi merupakan verb (kata kerja).

Yang dimiringkan merupakan Noun Clause Connector.

Yang berlatar hijau merupakan noun clause.

Pada kalimat  1, 3, 7, dan 10 merupakan bentuk kalimat yang benar (sudah terdapat subjek dan verb) beserta penggunaan  noun clause connector telah benar.

Pada kalimat 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 mempunyai kesalahan masing-masing.  No. 2 dan 8 kehilangan verb. No. 4 dan 9 juga salah karena tidak terdapat connector . No. 5 kehilangan subjek. No. 5 kehilangan subjek. No. 6 kelebihan subjek.. 

Seharusnya:

1. When the season starts is determined by the weather.
2. The manual describe how the device should be built.
3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game.
4. Why Hhe refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer
5. We Ttalked about where we should go for lunch.
6. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained.
7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting.
8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due is certain.
9. When Tthe contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting.
10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.

Sumber :

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-questions-skill-1-subject-and.html

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-2-object-of.html

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-3-present.html